Science TNT

Work physiology is the science that studies how the human body responds to the physical stress of work or activity demands. These physiological responses are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body during work activities and reducing the adverse effects of physiological fatigue due to work. Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a constant or changing environment. In practical terms, it refers to the relatively constant internal environment of the human body during both stressed and relaxed conditions, due to many regulating anatomical and physiological systems. These organ systems and physiological responses regulate cellular metabolism, energy production, cellular waste product removal, voluntary muscle control, and the flow of blood and oxygen to working muscles. An understanding of the role of major organ systems in the human body during work activities and the relationships between work intensity and recovery intervals is essential to the science of ergonomics.

Metabolism
To accomplish work, the body requires energy, oxygen and nutrients. The human body consumes and uses carbohydrate, fat and protein nutrients to provide the required energy to maintain homeostasis both at rest and during work activity. During work, the primary nutrients utilized are fats and carbohydrates, with proteins contributing less than 5-15% of the total energy used. These nutrients, after having been converted to chemicals, enter the blood stream and circulate to the various internal organs and muscles. At the muscle sites, this chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy, or a muscle contraction, and heat. This process is known as metabolism.

Working muscle requires a constant supply of energy. The fundamental source of energy for these contractions is the high-energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule. The ATP molecule is the most important energy carrying molecule in the muscle cell. The ATP compound consists of three parts: adenosine molecule, a ribose molecule and three phosphate molecules linked together by chemical bonds. The bonds linking the phosphate molecules are high-energy bonds and when these bonds are broken, large amounts of energy are released. This energy is then used for muscle contractions. The energy can be liberated from the ATP molecule by a process known as phosphorylation. This metabolic process is shown below. Phosphorylation is the process in which the Adenosine Triphosphate molecule is broken down by the enzyme ATPase into Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), a phosphate molecule (Pi) and energy.
Aerobic Metabolism
The Adenosine Triphosphate needed for muscle work can be produced from either aerobic (with oxygen) metabolism or from anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolism. The aerobic metabolism of nutrients refers to the oxidation of glucose or glycogen molecules and fatty acids to form ATP, this process is called aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic pathway requires a continuous supply of blood in order to provide ongoing oxygen and nutrients.

A cardiovascular response to increased workload is to increase the amount of blood flowing to active muscle. However, it can take almost one minute for this response to be activated. Therefore, at the onset of most industrial tasks, or in cases of quick-high intensity tasks, it is not always possible to have adequate blood flow available to working muscles. When this occurs, the muscles switch to anaerobic metabolism.

Anaerobic Metabolism
The muscle cells can produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) or energy, without oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) by two methods: the first method is to break high-energy phosphate bonds in Creatine Phosphate (CP) molecules. The second method is by a process known as anaerobic glycolysis. Under anaerobic conditions, the simplest and thus immediate source of energy is through the use or production of the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule by breaking high-energy phosphate bonds in the Creatine Phosphate (CP) molecule. The CP molecule donates a phosphate(P) to an ADP molecule to create an ATP molecule and energy. Creatine Kinase is the enzyme that initiates this reaction in the muscle

The second anaerobic metabolic process for energy synthesis is called anaerobic glycolysis. This process also generates a limited amount of energy, but does so by breaking the chemical bonds in the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid. Anaerobic glycolysis can only produce enough ATP or usable energy for a few minutes. In this method, however, the supply of CP is quickly depleted in under 1 minute. Anaerobic glycolysis provides energy for up to four minute. Only the aerobic glycolysis process can provide a sustained supply of energy to working muscles. With both anaerobic processes, work can only be sustained for short periods because is a limited supply of available ATP and CP molecules in the muscle cells

Muscle Fatigue
When skeletal muscle is continually stimulated, the force or tension that is developed by the muscle fibers diminishes. This failure of muscle fiber to maintain tension as a result of contractile activity is known as muscle fatigue. The onset of fatigue depends on both the type of skeletal muscle fibers as well as the intensity and duration of the muscle contractions. The red muscle fibers, or the -slow twitch- fibers appear to have better blood flow and therefore oxygen supply to maintain aerobic metabolism. In the slow twitch muscle fibers, fatigue develops more slowly. These muscles fibers are used mostly during long duration, low intensity activities. The white muscle fibers, also called -fast twitch- fibers, appear to rely more upon anaerobic metabolism. These fibers fatigue more rapidly, and are used more for short duration, high intensity activities. The development of muscle fatigue corresponds to four events that occur in working muscles:

1.)The depletion of the concentration of ATP. The rate of ATP utilization exceeds the rate of production. The muscle cannot contract without ATP.
2.)Increased amounts of intracellular acidity due to the rise in lactic acid levels. This increased hydrogen ion concentration affects the contractile proteins of the muscle fibers, decreasing the force generated by the muscle fibers.
3.)The depletion of muscle glycogen levels. As the amount of available glycogen diminishes, the muscle can no longer sustain a contraction.
4.)Levels of other metabolic waste products, including Carbon Dioxide, increase within muscle cells. If levels of acid and carbon dioxide waste products build up, this will slow aerobic metabolism, resulting in less efficient metabolism.

If muscle fatigue sets in and the muscle is no longer able to sustain work efficiently, the muscle becomes overloaded resulting in micro trauma to the muscle fibers. If this fatigue and overloading is repetitive or long term in nature the resulting microtrauma becomes cumulative and pathology or injury occurs. Local muscle fatigue is suspect to contribute to work-related Cumulative Trauma Disorders. In order to avoid the adverse effects of muscle fatigue, a sufficient supply or flow of blood to the working muscles is critical.

Since aerobic metabolism generates almost 20 times as much ATP for energy as does anaerobic energy, the effects of muscle fatigue can be minimized by ensuring work load intensity is low enough so that adequate oxygenation, or blood flow to the active working muscles is achieved. If heavy workloads are required, they should be brief in duration, lasting less than a few seconds or minutes, which reduces the effects of prolonged anaerobic metabolism, and maximizes metabolic efficiency.

Summary
The most important factor in ergonomic job design or modification is to promote aerobic metabolism and adequate blood flow, resulting in a high metabolic efficiency. This will maintain adequate blood flow to working muscles, prevent fatigue and allow maximal performance. Dynamic muscle contractions are always preferred over static muscle loading situations. Work-rest cycles should provide sufficient recovery times to sufficiently perfuse active muscles with blood. Jobs should be designed or modified to minimize or reduce the requirements for static contractions, such as static grips, extended reaches and extreme postures.

If you’re looking for enjoyable seventh-grade science fair projects, you may well make an effort to demonstrate that fungus infection may be existing between a person’s toes and fingers, exhibit the occurrence of climate change, evaluate the contamination levels of diverse h2o samples, and also find out if big backpacks influence the position of the folks transporting them.
Numerous scholars may likely feel that their own science fair projects must be complex as soon as they reach the 7th grade. Truly, you’ll discover 7th-grade science projects that aren’t only simple and easy to execute but are generally important at the same time. Listed below are some project good ideas you might want to think of:
Show that particular fungus is generally present among an individual’s feet
There is a many reasons how come mothers often speak to their kids to completely clean between their own toes. And there’s a a microbiology lessons which is discovered out of this hygienic procedure. You could try wiping the area between your own foot with a cotton swab. Position the cotton swab at a petri plate and hold on a few days. Make use of a microscope as well as other testing machines to review the end result up close. Initially transfer the samples from the petri dish onto slides and then consider what exactly may well evolve between a person’s feet. You can attempt to identify and compare and contrast the different fungus infection you notice. Attempt swabbing the internal parts of different footwear to discover where fungus is most rampant.
Illustrate the happening of climate change
You may use the extremely contested matter of climate change as the actual topic area of your science project. Even though many pupils know about the root cause of climatic change and could have joined courses that suggest the minimization of green house gases, they may not have direct knowledge pertaining to this particular event. To prove just how greenhouse gases cause global warming, you can try to get samples of co2, methane as well as nitrous oxide. Assess the temperature of every different gas. Later on, position the pots in an wide open space which is directly exposed to the sun’s rays. Gauge as well as write down the actual temperature alterations every day. Watch the improvements that take place over several days and nights and learn which gas contains the highest level of heat.
Quantify the actual contamination degrees of several water samples
You might also try out to find out the distinct chemical type pollutants which have an affect on the lakes or even water ways in your locality. For this particular project, you will require a water-testing set, which could be purchased at aquarium or even pet retail stores. Visit various bodies of water to pick up water samples. Operate the vital assessments to determine the conditions of the water. You might display your findings through graphs that outline the various degrees of contamination. You could also try to determine the actual amount of toxicity on the ocean life which exists in the different bodies of water you visited.
Determine if large backpacks affect the position of the persons holding them
Many students carry backpacks so they may easily relate to this science project. Lots of health experts are really worried with regards to people over-loading the backpacks which they often carry. You could attempt to determine the effects of carrying weighty loads by inquiring students to take loaded back packs while walking around a room. You could take a photo of the students’ postures prior to the exercise and also after for a visual comparison.
To make the most out of a science fair project, always look for a topic that you are personally interested in.

This is the era of science and a number of men and women seem fascinated towards the future inventions of technology. It has given birth to a new genre of writing, which we know today as science fiction. You can find a huge demand of science fiction paperbacks on exploring any online books store.

These novels ornovellas are being written since more than a century. In the Victorian age, authors like Jules Verne and H.G. Wells started writing the stories of the science fiction. Time travel fiction was commenced during that era also. Wells wrote his famous novel, The Time Machine, which inspired a number of books and films composed in the future; however, A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens written in 1843 is thought to be the first depiction of modern time travel fiction. Besides, Wells wrote the novellason several other modern fictions also like the invasion of the aliens on the earth. His famous book The War of the Worlds is the example of such novellas. Similarly, Jules Verne also wrote a number of other novels, such as Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and Journey to the Center of the Earth.

After the end of Victorian Era, more developments were witnessed in the genre of science fictions. The Victorian era books were highly dependent on steam technology, and most of the technology was shown being run through the steam power. But, as the technology literally became more advanced, some other technologies also came in limelight, such as electric power, computers and more. These new inventions were reflected in the modern era science fiction books also.

Today also a number of books are being written on science fiction. A huge demand modern as well as early modern (Victorian, Edwardian etc.) books on science fiction can be witnessed in the market. The science fictions of Wells have been provided together in the paperbacks under the title Science Fiction Vol 1 and more. Besides, the collection of the fictions by various authors can be read in the paperback named Science Fiction and Fantasy. Some of the paperbacks also talk about the science fiction films of the modern era. Many other books can be acquired on this genre from a number of stores.

It will be beneficial for you today ifyou buy books online as they provide you a number of benefits. First, you may get some discounts, which may be unavailable in case of conventional shopping. On the other hand, you may get a collection of number of novellasin a single paperback, about which you may not be aware but you can know easily about them through the online methods.

Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations. Computer science or computing Science is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems It subfield can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical discipline. Some fields such as computational and complexity theory. They are highly abstract, whilst fields such as implementing computation emphasize real-world applications. Still other fields focus on the challenges in implementing computation. For example, programming language theory considers various approaches to the description of computation, whilst the study of programming, itself investigates various aspects of the computer language and complex System. WEB DESIGN encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design, interface design, authoring, including standardized code and proprietary software and search engine optimization Often many individuals will work in teams covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all. Web design is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing mark up. Web design partially overlaps WEB ENGINEERING in the broader scope of WEB DEVELOPMENT Web designers are expected to have an awareness of usability. DBMS Stands for Database Management System”, a DBMS is a database program. Technically speaking, it is a software system that uses a standard method of cataloging, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs. Some DBMS examples include Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS, Clipper, and FoxPro.
Java is a programming language expressly designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the “look and feel” of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING model. Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network. It can also be used to build a small application module or Applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it possible for a Web page user to interact with the page. We regularly provide computer science homework help including and not limited to the following subject maters: C, C++, Encoding and Decoding, Algorithms, Computer Graphics and Visualization, Database Management, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Architecture, Web Designing. Accuracy is thus of our most importance when it comes to computer programming; an error in syntax or design at any one part of the instruction will deem the entire instruction faulty and result in a communication error between the computer and the programmer. Computer science, as a subject, is full of complex issues and instructions. It requires students to develop a scientific and mathematical approach towards information technology it also includes the stuffy of different programming methodologies, software and hardware, and the analysis of data structures.

The two important things in human life are science and religion. Religion requires us to believe in a certain event without discussing too, in science the other hand requires to believe, but after a string of research in the field. No doubt several times science is parallel to our religious beliefs, as we believe that there are other creatures in the universe as we do, and scientists are also investigating the extraterrestrial presence in the world and the universe.

Contrary to this, science does not believe in controlling power, like God, who created the world in just seven days. According to the theory of big bang the whole universe is the result of a powerful explosion.

Scientist believes this theory, the most accurate and appropriate to describe the beginning of the galaxies and solar systems like ours. Undoubtedly, the scientific issues are unquestionable, but there is still no power to control.

Similarly, Christians, Jews and Muslims believe that the creation of a human baby in its mothers ovary is the most vibrant in the presence of God that is able to provide sufficient air for food, shelter and fresh unborn baby. But science is ultimately supporting this idea. And all this creation is called the natural process of bearing babies.

Spirituality and Science

No matter what happens, its proven that after a few years or decades, the scientific ideas of all events related to religion. Like the famous theory of the world of 2012 is based on the Mayan calendar, which was also represented by the ancient religious. Moreover, the concept of Judgment Day can be seen in the sacred books of the Muslims and Christians.

Undoubtedly, scientific research has proven many things that were once based on myths, as the 17th century Galileo was convicted under the orders of the Christian Church, and challenged the theory that the sun revolves around the earth, and said that the Earth revolves around the Sun Hence its now demonstrated that he was right which means that science is also helping us in evaluating our bad decisions.

As this is some tough questions that science cannot answer on purpose. How to cure deaths, without consulting a doctor or medication. There are saints, and gurus Sufis are powerful enough to show some amazing things. Thus, scientists and researchers representing powerful entity such as supernatural. Another thing that have nothing to say, as scientific ideas are quite different in some cases. This is the complete information framed in short about science and religion and its importance in human life.

For more details please visit: http://www.metta-physics.com