Science TNT

Dental science means dealing with health problems afflicting the mouth, the teeth, the gums and the other hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. This field is rapidly changing and is creating many opportunities and challenges for those who plan to take up a career in dental science. Those who are in the practice of dentistry are known as dentists. Other people aiding in oral health service are called dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental therapists.

Dentistry is that branch of medicine which deals with the study and practice of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the mouth, the maxilla, and the face. This field of science also includes cosmetology under which the dentists try to improve the patients appearance by using a wide variety of cosmetic dental procedures. Some of dentistry specialization areas are:

Dental Public Health It is a study of dental epidemiology and social health policies.
Endodontics It is a root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp.
Orthodontics – It deals with straightening and aligning teeth and jaws.
Periodontics This field takes care of gums and diseases that might affect them.
Operative Dentistry or Endodontics This area specializes in root canal jobs, fillings and cosmetic surgery.
Prosthodontics It involves making of artificial teeth.
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology It is a study as well as treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology It is a study and radiologic interpretation of of oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery It deals specifically with surgeries of the mouth and the jaw.
Oral pathology It provides the diagnosis for diseases that affect the mouth.

Eligibility criteria:-
All those candidates who have passed 10+2 with physics, chemistry, biology, with at least 50% marks are eligible for admission in the Bachelor of Dental Science (BDS) course. The all India Pre-medical / Pre-dental Entrance exam that is conducted by CBSE is common for both the MBBS and the Bachelor of Dental Sciences (BDS).

Personal skills required:-
If a candidate is willing to take up BDS, he / she must have patience, stamina to work hard for long periods, good health, cool temperament, strong interpersonal skills, concentration power, manual dexterity, accuracy along with a keen eye for detail.

Job Scope and Career Options:-
There are opportunities galore for dentists in dental departments in hospitals, nursing homes, dental clinics and health departments as well as teaching departments in dental colleges. Besides that, dentists can work in the Research and Advisory functions of pharmaceutical and other companies producing oral care products and medicines like a toothpaste, mouth wash, gum care products etc. There are some dentists who prefer self-employment like many other doctors, which is also a lucrative option.

Colleges offering dental courses:

SRM University, Chennai
Meenakshi University, Chennai
The Tuberculosis Research Centre (TRC), Chennai
Shri Ramachandra University, Chennai
Saveetha University, Chennai
Rajas Dental College, Chennai
Madras Institute of Development Studies University of Madras, Chennai
The open International University For Alternative Medicines, Kolkata
Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science & Research (GNIDSR), Kolkata
Inter Global Education Services, Kolkata
North Bengal Medical College University of North Bengal, Darjeeling
M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Science and Research Center, Pune
Bhaarti Vidyapeeth University, Pune
College of Nursing, AFMC Pune
Bharati Vidyapeeth University Dental College, Pune
University of Mumabi, Mumbai
Sancheti Orthopedic Research Institute, Pune
Government Medical College, Nagpur
Enine School of Medical Transcription, Mumbai
Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai
Saraswati Vidya Bhavan College of Pharmacy University of Mumbai, Mumbai
SRM University, Ghaziabad
All India Institute Of Medical Sciences, Delhi
University of Delhi, Delhi
Maulana Azad Dental College, Delhi
Protonix Research Services Pvt Ltd, Delhi
University College Of Medical Sciences, Delhi
Hindustan Institute of Dental Science, Greater Noida
Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College and Research Centre, Ghaziabad
Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad
Sri Gobind Tricentinary Dental College, Hospital and Research Institute of Gurgaon
Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College University of Delhi, Delhi
Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Science & Research, Faridabad
I.T.S. Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad
Indira Gandhi College of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi
Clinnovo Research Labs, Hyderabad
Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad
Gandhi Institute Of Technology And Management, Visakhapatnam, Visakhapatnam,

At the same time the Egyptians invented the “shadow clock”, other cultures also developed a need to organize their time more efficiently. Amongst others, the Chinese, Greeks and the Romans developed another device for telling the time known as a “sundial”. Sundials do not necessarily work better than shadow clocks; it is just a slight variation to the shadow clock. Make your own “sundial” to tell the time in this science experiment:

WHAT YOU NEED:

“Protractor
“Stiff card
“Compass
“Thick cardboard
“Glue
“Scissors

HOW TO PROCEED:

1.On a stiff piece of cardboard, draw a right angled triangle as in the diagram above. The short sides of the triangle should be about 150mm long, whereas the long side will be about 200mm, depending on the longitudinal angle used for your town. Make sure that you also add the base, below the dotted line.
2.Cut out the triangle, and make a fold along the dotted line to form the base for the triangle to stand on.
3.Make a thick base for your sundial out of corrugated cardboard or wood of about 150x300mm in size. Draw a semi-circle on the base as shown in the diagram above.
4.Glue the folded part of the triangle firmly to the base and place the sundial on a flat surface outside so that the triangle points north / south.
5.Mark the position of the shadow that falls on the base every hour. Notice that the shadow travels the same distance along the semi-circle every hour. On a sunny day you will now be able to tell the time by looking at the position of the shadow on your sundial!

In the above science experiment we have built a time indicating device called a “sundial”. This works because of the fact that shadows change direction, depending upon the time of day. The position of the sun in relation to a specific location on earth changes throughout the day as the earth rotates around its own axis every 24 hours. A “sundial” like this one, uses a shadow’s position to tell the time. The position of a shadow on the semi-circle depends on the time of day, but it also depends on the season of the year. That’s because the sun’s position at a certain time of day is different in different seasons.

MORE FACTS:

The obvious problem with “sundials” and “shadow clocks” is that they don’t work during night time! The king of Egypt, was not satisfied having to check the position of the stars to know what the time is during the night, so one of his princes made him a water clock. A water clock works by taking a big bucket of water, fills it with water up to a specific line and then cut a small hole in the bottom of the bucket and marked off lines on the bucket after each hour had passed. The problem with a water clock is that water flows more slowly or quickly when the temperature changes. The same principle was used but the water was substituted with sand to make a sand clock. The inventor of the sand clock is unknown, but the sand clock or hourglass was commonly used in ancient times and is still used today.

tv.eletsonline.com

Please be the part of our Upcoming Event FIPS

Elets – A platform for disseminating creative ideas on ICT

Elets Technomedia is a technology media and research company that focuses on ICT in government, education, healthcare, agriculture and rural development sectors. Our mandate is to provide effective information on latest development in different ICT tools, techniques and their applications across our verticals through premier print publications, online portals and premier events, seminars, conferences and summits. Elets has created a name for itself as a technology media and research vendor of choice.

Strategies

To strengthen and facilitate knowledge sharing platforms engaging with partners across the globe through International conferences to provide cross-cultural grounding to stakeholders and participants To provide stakeholders with a platform to share models of best practice, knowledge and experience on a range of issues in the domain of ICT in Governance, Education, Health, security, Urban and Rural Development To mobilise the communities towards creating a digitally informed knowledge society based on shared understanding

Elets Focus Areas

Elets provides an unmatched versatility for working with multiple partners and consultants to mutually share knowledge. With a vision to provide effective information on latest development in different ICT tools, techniques and their applications across various verticals with focused reference to governance, education and health, we

a) bring niche monthly publications;

b) provide knowledge exchange fora and

c) conduct research projects, primarily through Events & Conferences.

The card science (cards of destiny) that we are talking about here can be useful to you, whether you are just a housewife, an employee, or whether you run a large enterprise or corporation. In this lesson I will give you a basic understanding of how this amazing system works.

To give you some background about this science, I first need to say that this is the knowledge that our common deck of cards was created for. Until just recently no one really knew that our common deck of cards had any significance. This information was kept secret for thousands of years by a special group known as The Order of the Magi. They were instructed to keep this information secret while the earth went through some very dark ages, spiritually speaking. This science was finally brought to light for the first time in 1894 when the first book was published (The Mystic Test Book). And even to this day, most people have not heard about it. This means that you can be among some of the first people to take advantage of this ‘most sacred science.’

In ancient times, man discovered after paying careful attention, that each year was comprised of approximately 365 days. They also noticed that there were five ‘stars’ in the sky that did not twinkle. Another thing they noticed was that these five special stars moved differently than the other stars in the sky. They seemed to have much more movement against the background of other stars. They deemed these special bodies ‘Gods’ because of their uniqueness. They also took note that this number five was connected to their five fingers on each hand and the five holes in their face. They then combined these five ‘Gods’ with the Sun and Moon to make a total of seven. They noticed this corresponded to the seven holes found in their heads. And using these seven ‘Gods’ they assigned one to each day in seven day cycles that we now call a week. They also noticed that a year was comprised of 52 of these weeks and that when you took the numbers 5 and 2 and added them together, you got another seven. All was well. And today we find our seven days of the week each named after one of these ancient ‘Gods’ that we call planets.

At some point a deck of cards was created to symbolize this earth cycle that we call a year. 52 cards were created for the weeks with an additional card, what we now call the Joker, that represented that left over day and that we get when we subtract 364 from 365.25. The 52 main cards each governed a week in the year and there were four suits to symbolize the four seasons. The 13 cards in each suit corresponded to the 13 lunar cycles each year (13 full Moons!). The cards were predominantly either red for day or black for night. And each card was assigned a ‘spot value’ from one (Ace) to thirteen (King). When every card in the deck had their spot values added together, it came to exactly 365.25, which included the Joker’s 1.25. Later these same ancient mystics discovered that every day of the year was governed by one of the 53 symbols. A formula became apparent as to how each day’s card was assigned. Now they had a symbol for each day of the year and they soon realized that the symbol itself told much about any individuals born on that day (birth astrology). At the same time that astrology was being refined, the science of the cards of destiny also held fascination.

Now we have what is sometimes called the ‘little book’ that is the calendar of the earth in symbolic form. And we have discovered that much more can be divined from this little book. Among the things we know now are:
1.The personality and personal fate of each birthday of the year (birthday astrology).
2.What unique gifts and abilities each birthday of the year bestows upon people born then.
3.When important life events will transpire for any individual.
4.What each year and month holds for every individual based upon their birthday.
5.How each birthday tends to behave in the area of relationship, marriage and sex.
6.How any two birthdays combine to form a relationship and exactly what their relationship will be like.
7.And much much more…

What we have found here is truly the ‘Book of Destiny’ or ‘Book of Fate’. Call it what you like, it has information that is changing people’s lives.

More than twenty scientists are known to have individually spearheaded projects toward invention of a working light bulb from the early 1800s through Thomas Alva Edisons success of the late 1870s. Sir Humphry Davy, William Robert Grove, Frederik de Moleyns, W.E. Staite, John Daper, Edward G. Shepard, Heinrich Gobel, C. de Chagny, John T. Way, Alexander de Lodyguine, Joseph Wilson Swan and others could collectively be deemed the Fathers of the Light Bulb, although Edisons efforts resulted in the finally accepted working version. In the pre-Civil War era, the race to create electric light was similar to todays enthusiastic pursuit of Internet technologies. One inventor did not stand alone in lighting concept then, just as one inventor is not solely responsible for the creation of web applications now. But, the reason for Edisons proliferation as the documented inventor of the light bulb is not attributable entirely to his creation, so much as to his scientific process.

Inventing More than Just a Light Bulb
All of the first lighting researchers knew that electricity could be harnessed to create a reliable and convenient light source, but none had combined the right techniques and applications to make history. While others worked diligently to create captured light, Edison stopped to first evaluate their work toward the invention and develop a plan for invention. He was likely most successful and renowned due to this organized approach to the inventive process which garnered more clear and active results.

In chasing electric light, Edison utilized his own creative project management method which included a skilled team, a formal and managed research laboratory, financing, tools and materials in a two-pronged effort of both evaluation of the failures of others and integration of his teams innovation. This approach that Edison created in his quest for a working light bulb is now commonly referred to as research and development, the critical first phase in any major scientific invention process. Edison did not just design a lamp, but drew a road map for inventors to follow in effective creation of new technologies for years to come.

In the active research phase, Edisons lighting research in the 1870s was based upon Sir Humphry Davys proof that heating of thin strips of metal with electric currents created white heat. The white heat illuminated with such verve that Davy realized bigger applications from this harnessing of electricity would follow. He also determined that platinum was key to the lighting process, as the only metal capable of producing the white glow.

Using Davys foundation, Edison initially patented a platinum-based lamp then forged ahead into working on a commercially feasible system that would allow multiple lights to illuminate at once. He saw this as the future of lighting technology, thus was not responsible for merely the invention of a light bulb as he was the creator of larger lighting systems working toward illumination of every aspect of our daily lives. He not only perfected the bulb itself, but also presented the Edison Jumbo generator, the Edison main and feeder and the parallel distribution system. His lack of tunnel vision in approaching development of the optimum light bulb opened many doors toward wider applicability of electric lighting. During his continued efforts toward the bigger picture, his modern light bulb was perfected.

Improvements Upon Advancements of Others
Edisons success and thus attribution of the invention to him was derived from his invention of lamps which included three primary elements other inventors had failed to balance:
Effective incandescence, meaning an efficient and prolonged light source

A higher vacuum than other inventors utilized, critical toward operation and longevity of the lamp

A high resistance lamp mixing a centralized power distribution source with economic feasibility as key to entire lighting systems, wider use of individual lamps, and commercial marketability

Foremost in Edisons work with light and toward effective incandescence was his invention of an optimum filament within the lamp. Filaments provide resistance to the passage of electric currents, sort of harnessing the electricity for illumination. He discovered carbonized cotton thread clamped to platinum wires exceeded the performance of earlier filaments which burned out very quickly. Edisons filament burned continuously for 40 hours. This moved electric lighting a step forward toward commercial viability.

His original working design which burned for several days was modified a number of times then started rolling out through manufacturing mass production. Overall, the creation of Edisons final version was successful through clear evaluation of prior inventors successes and utilization of their advancements as the baseline for innovation in development of his own bulb. As his bulb was being manufactured, marketed, and utilized in buildings throughout the world, Edisons lab continued forward in attempting improvement of his original design. In the 1880s, Edison even discovered that bamboo-derivative filaments burned for up to 1200 hours, a huge improvement over the originally devised 40 hours.

Modern Bulbs and Processes
Now referred to as incandescent light bulbs, todays versions have not vastly changed from Thomas Edisons originals. Modern bulbs utilize tungsten filaments and various gases for heating to higher temperatures. These subtle upgrades have resulted in higher efficiency and brighter illumination, as well as wider applicability for varied use.

Innovation within lighting is no longer about improving the incandescent bulb. Now is a time of developing bulbs for different uses, longer life, greater efficiency, and less impact upon the environment, still using Edisons approach to organized scientific research and development. Some types of modern bulbs are:
Fluorescents glass tubes utilizing mercury vapor and argon gas and phosphor internal coating create higher efficiency, lower heat light

Mercury vapor lamps a version of the fluorescent, utilizing a quartz arc tube containing mercury vapor at high pressure within a protective glass bulb

Neon glass tubes filled with neon gas mixed to create color variations, used for signage

Metal halide Similar in construction to the mercury vapor lamps but create a more natural color balance, used for lighting of large outdoor venues such as stadiums and highways

High pressure sodium similar to mercury vapor lamps but the arc tube is constructed of aluminum oxide in lieu of quartz and contains sodium and mercury solids versus mercury vapor

LED lights very small bulbs that fit directly into the electrical circuit, powered by movement of electrons in a diode

New light-emitting diode bulbs (LEDs) produce very bright light on very little electric energy, last up to 60 years, are 12 times more efficient than tungsten bulbs and three times more efficient than fluorescents. Unlike other versions of efficient bulbs, LEDs light instantaneously rather than requiring a flicker phase into full illumination. Even more encouraging is that they do not contain or use mercury, which is very toxic to the environment in disposal of light bulbs. Household-use LEDs are expected to start replacing regular incandescent bulbs in 2011 as the most major advancement to lighting science since the work of Edison, himself.

As lighting technology moves into a new realm of higher efficiency and environmental sustainability, Edisons original bulb components and shape will soon become distant memory. A bulb the size of a human thumbnail will light spaces as brightly as an older incandescent the size of an entire adult hand, but with greater efficiency, less damage to the environment, and for an entire human lifetime.

Thomas Edison would likely be pleased regarding all of these improvements. However, possibly most important from the invention of his light bulb is his structured research process through which all major technologies since have been founded. It is no wonder that a light bulb turning on over ones head is the commonly accepted artistic illustration of a great idea. After all, in crafting the science of the light bulb, Thomas Edison actually created the science of innovation.

Read more about 100 watt light bulbs.